String (Character Arrays)

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STRING: It is an array of type char.

Syntax for declaration

char <array/string name> [max. number of characters to be stored +1];

The number of elements that can be stored in a string is always n-1, if the size of the array specified is n. This is because 1 byte is reserved for the NULL character '\0' i.e. backslash zero. A string is always terminated with the NULL character.

Example:
char str[80]; 
In the above example, str can be used to store a string with 79 characters.

Initializing a string

A string can be initialized to a constant value when it is declared.

char str[ ] = "Good";
    Or
char str[]={'G','o','o','d','\0'};

Here. 'G' will be stored in str[0], 'o' in str[1] and so on.

Note: When the value is assigned to the complete string at once, the computer automatically inserts the NULL character at the end of the string. But, if it is done character by character, then we have to insert it at the end of the string.

Reading strings with/without embedded blanks

To read a string without blanks cin can be used
cin>>str;
To read a string with blanks cin.getline() or gets() can be used.
cin.getline(str,80);
   -Or-
gets(str);

Printing strings

cout and puts() can be used to print a string.
cout<<str:
   Or
puts(str);

Note: For gets( ) and puts(), the header file stdio.h has to be included. puts() can be used to display only strings. It takes a line feed after printing the string.

cin	gets()
It can be used to take input of a value of any data type.	It can be used to take input of a string.
It takes the white space i.e. a blank, a tab, or a new line character as a string terminator.	It does not take the white space i.e. a blank, a tab, or a new line character, as a string terminator.
It requires header file iostream.h	It requires the header file stdio.h
Example: char S[80]; cout<<"Enter a string:”; cin>>S;	Example: char S[80]; cout<<"Enter a string:"; gets(S);

cout	puts()
It can be used to display the value of any data type.	It can be used to display the value of a string.
It does not take a line feed after displaying the string.	It takes a line feed after displaying the string.
It requires the header file iostream.h	It requires the header file stdio.h
Example: char S[80]="Computers"; cout<<S<<S; Output: ComputersComputers	Example: char S[80]="Computers"; puts(S); puts(S); Output: Computers Computers

Counting the number of characters in a string and printing it backwards

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
  char str[80];
  cout<<"Enter a string:";
  gets(str);
  for(int l=0; str[l]!='\0';l++);  //Loop to find length
    cout<<"The length of the string is : "<<l<<endl ;
  for(int i=l-1;i>=0;i--)    //Loop to display the string backwards
    cout<<str[i];
  return 0;
}

Function to count the number of words in a string

void count(char S[])
{
  int words=0;
  for(int i=0;S[i]!='\0';i++)
  {
    if (S[i]==' ')
      words++;                   //Checking for spaces
  }
  cout<<"The number of words="<<words+1<<endl;
}

Function to find the length of a string

int length(char S[ ])
{
  for(int i=0;S[i]!='\0';i++);
     return i;
}

Function to copy the contents of string S2 to S1

void copy(char S1[ ], char S2[ ])
{
   for(int i=0;S2[i]!='\0';i++)
      S1[i]=S2[i];
   S1[i]='\0';
}

Function to concatenate the contents of string S2 to S1

void concat(char S1[ ], char S2[ ])
{
   for(int l=0;S1[l]!='\0';l++);
     for(int i=0;S2[i]!='\0';i++)
         S1[l++]=S2[i];
     S1[l]='\0';
}

Function to compare strings STR1 to STR2.

The function returns a value>0 if //STR1>STR2, a value<0 if STR1<STR2, and value 0 if STR1=STR2

int compare(char STR1[ ],char STR2[])
{
  for(int I=0;STR1[I]==STR2[I] && STR1[I]!='\0'&&STR2[I]!='\0'; I++);
     return STR1[I]-STR2[I];
}

To reverse the contents of string S and store it in string Rev

void Reverse(char S[], char Rev[])
{
   for(int C1=0; S[C1]!='\0'; C1++);
      C1--;
   for(int C2=0;C1>=0;C2++,C1--)
      Rev[C2]=S[C1];
   Rev[C2]='\0';
}

Function to check whether a string S is a palindrome or not

int Palin(char S[])
{
   for(int L=0;S[L]!='\0';L++);    //To find length
      for(int C=0;(C<L/2) && (S[C]==S[L-C-1]);C++);
         return (C==L/2)?1:0; //Returns 1 if Palindrome else 0
}

Function to change the case of string S to uppercase

void Upper(char S[])
{
   for(int i=0;S[i]!='\0';i++)
      S[i] = (S[i]>='a' && S[i]<='z')?(S[i]-32):S[i];
}

Function to change the case of string S to lower case

void Lower(char S[])
{
   for(int i=0;S[i]!='\0';i++)
       S[i] = (S[i]>='A' && S[i]<='Z')?(S[i]+32):S[i];
}

Function to extract n characters from left side of the string and store it in a different string.

Example: 4 characters from ENVIRONMENT=ENVI

int SLeft(char S[ ], int n, char result[ ])
{
   for(int l=0;S[l]!='\0';l++);
     if(n<=I)    //characters extracted should be <=length
     {
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            result[i]=S[i];
        result[i]='\0';
        return 1;
     }
     else
        return 0;
}

Function to extract n characters from right side of the string and store it in a different string.

Example: 4 characters from ENVIRONMENT=MENT

int SRight(char S[ ], int n, char result[ ])
{
   for(int l=0;S[l]!='\0';l++);
     if(n<=I)     //characters extracted should be <=length
     {
        for(int j=0;i=l-n;S[i]!=’/0’;i++,j++)
            result[j]=S[i];
        result[j]='\0';
        return 1;
     }
     else
        return 0;
}

Function to extract n characters from specified location loc of the string and store it in a different  string.

Example: 4 characters from third location in string ENVIRONMENT= VIRO

int substring(char S[ ], int n, int loc, char result[ ])
{
  for(int l=0;S[l]!='\0';l++);
     if(n<=I)      //characters extracted should be <=length
     {
        for(int j=0;i=l-n;S[i]!=’/0’;i++,j++)
           result[j]=S[i];
        result[j]='\0';
        return 1;
     }
     else
        return 0;
}

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